糖类(carbohydrate)是多羟基醛、多羟基酮以及能水解而生成多羟基醛或多羟基酮的有机化合物,可分为单糖、二糖和多糖等。
糖类是自然界中广泛分布的一类重要的有机化合物。日常食用的蔗糖、粮食中的淀粉、植物体中的纤维素、人体血液中的葡萄糖等均属糖类。糖类在生命活动过程中起着重要的作用,是一切生命体维持生命活动所需能量的主要来源。植物中最重要的糖是淀粉和纤维素,动物细胞中最重要的多糖是糖原。
我之前的文章講得比較詳細這種就不太講
港式粵菜,糖醋汁調配製作理論篇 Hong Kong-style Cantonese cuisine, sweet and sour sauce preparation theory
调味中用糖的技巧
糖在烹调中运用很广泛。
含甜味的品种很多,有蔗糖、果糖、乳糖、麦芽糖、蜂糖、甜菜、红苕、地瓜、甘草、罗汉果及各种水果,另外还有人工合成的糖精。
然而广泛用于烹饪调味的却只有绵白糖、蔗糖,红糖、老紅糖, 黃片糖 麥芽糖,冰糖、馅糖、蜂糖,合成糖膠等,泰國菜用的是泰
國椰糖。
由于不同品种的糖结构不同,它们的甜味强度有很大的差别。
如果以蔗糖的甜度为100来测定其他甜味剂的强度,
人工合成的糖精为蔗糖的20倍以上(即2000以上),
依次果糖的甜度为114~175,
木糖的甜度为40,
饴糖(麥芽糖)的甜度为32~60,
其中乳糖甜度最低,
仅为蔗糖的10~17。
了解不同品种糖的甜度,以便在烹调中掌握用糖的分量。
糖的甜味在调味中有特殊的调和滋味的作用,如缓和辣味的刺激感,增加咸味的鲜醇,促进各种味道综合,形成柔美的口感等。
为什么糖有这些功能呢?因为糖分解后能生成醛,醛基具有还原性,而且性质活泼,容易和其他物质结合。
有经验的厨师正是利用糖这种独有的属性来改变或影响菜肴的口味。
在烧菜时加点糖来提味,像家常味的干烧鱼和豆瓣鱼,咸鲜味的红烧什锦和炒猪肝,红油味的红油鸡片,以及怪味鸡块等菜肴,莫不是加入了适量的糖才能彰显菜肴的品味。
复制红酱油的制作更是深得其中奥妙,因为用了黄糖炒色后加香料熬制,这种复制酱油才咸鲜回甜,味道浓厚,香味浓郁,色泽棕红汁稠,与红油辣子配合使用,既减缓了辣味的刺激,使味道醇和可口。
蒜泥白肉、红油水饺、成都涼面、山城甜水面等名小吃,正是得此相助而脍炙人口。
前辈厨师还根据不同菜肴的成菜要求,总结出了用糖调味的诀窍像味道浓厚的干烧菜肴,咸鲜本味的爆炒烧烩菜肴,要求“放糖不现甜”。
即放那么一点糖起画龙点睛的作用,但绝不能吃出甜味来。
但有一些菜如荷叶粉蒸肉、酱烧冬笋等却要求有明显的回甜味。
而红枣煨肘却要体现出咸甜协调和谐的味感来。
糖醋味比咸甜味的味道要浓厚,因此用糖量要多一些;
而荔枝味酸重于甜,自然糖的用量就要少许多。
针对不同味型的菜肴,恰如其分地用糖调味是烹调的基本技巧。
糖还有去腥增香的作用,由于糖分解后的醛基与肉类中的胺化物结合,对除去鱼虾中的腥味有一定作用。
另外糖与烹饪原料中所含氨基酸的分解反应及氧化反应,通过烹饪加热生成挥发成分后,从而产生了肉香味的有机物质,这也是产生香味的众多原因之一。
在烹调中将糖与酒、醋、姜、葱等调料配合使用,对增强菜肴风味有着不可忽视的作用。
美化菜肴的色彩是糖的另一大功劳。
针对不同的烹饪原料和菜肴来使用糖或糖制品,也是烹调中应掌握的基本技巧。
用糖美化菜肴一般有三种途径:
1.
抹色过油像梅菜扣肉,芋頭扣肉,咸燒白,五花扣肉、夹沙肉、红烧蹄膀、红煨猪肘就属此种方法。
在煮熟微热的原料肉皮上,揩干水分用糖色抹匀,也可用饴糖(麦芽糖)加黄酒稀释后均匀涂抹上,放入六七成油锅中浸炸成“鸡皮皱”,然后捞出放入温水内浸泡至皮软。
这样,用糖上色后的菜肴不仅色泽美观,而且糍糯香醇。
但現在香港的港式酒樓多數直接使用老抽塗抹在五花肉的表皮上,放入十成油溫的黑油舊油上炸,炸成虎皮形狀。之後放去溫水浸。
題外話:因為五花肉用黑油炸過,所以我一般出街食飯都唔會食梅菜扣肉,嗰啲咩炒蟹,椒鹽瀨尿蝦,椒鹽蝦,黃金蝦,嗰啲都係用用到好黑嗰啲舊油炸
2.
焖烧(炆)上色这是最常用的一种上色方法。
将原料加入适量糖色焖烧,使其上色入味。
烧制一般菜式用红糖,老紅糖,黃片糖,黃冰糖炒制的糖色。
而烧制干烧鱼翅、干鹿筋、红烧驼掌这些高档菜肴,特制红汤就加入了冰糖色,因为冰糖的杂质少,炒出的糖色红艳发亮,成菜后色泽红亮,汤汁稠浓上味。
但不管冰糖色、白糖色,炒糖色时不能将糖炒得焦煳发苦,视锅内糖液呈金红色、冒大泡时掺水熬化、煮至焦糖完全溶化汁浓起锅。
焖烧菜也不能一次加糖色太多,因为糖色在加热中时间越长色泽越深。
因此加糖色时最好分次添加,由浅到深,在火力配合上宜用中小火,忌用武火猛火。
3.
抹色烧烤为了使烧烤菜肴有诱人食欲的色泽,还需将饴糖(麥芽糖)、蜂糖加黄酒成水稀释后,均匀地抹在原料表皮上,利用炭火的辐射热,使菜肴成菜后油润红亮,皮酥化渣,像叉烧全鸡、烤鸭、烤鹅都是如此制作的。
像叉烧酥方、叉烧,乳猪虽不用抹糖上色,但码味时所使用的黄酒、醪糟汁
却含有大量糖分,也能达到上色的效果。
在烹调中也有不直接用糖来调味的,如在卤水中加入适量的甘草、罗汉果,也能达到回味微甜的效果,这种味道比直接用糖来调味,味道更自然柔和。
在粵菜中糖的應用
當使用鹽,生抽,味精和蠔油等...調味的時候
多數都會加上糖作為中和作用
灼菜的時候加入糖可以令菜放一段時間都依然翠綠
如涼瓜,翠玉瓜,西蘭花,菜心,通菜,芥蘭等等....
Carbohydrates are organic compounds that include polyhydroxy aldehydes, polyhydroxy ketones, and substances that can hydrolyze to produce these compounds. They are categorized into monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
Carbohydrates are a vital class of organic compounds widely distributed in nature. Common examples include table sugar (sucrose), starch in grains, cellulose in plants, and glucose in human blood. They play a crucial role in life processes, serving as the primary energy source for all living organisms. Starch and cellulose are the most important carbohydrates in plants, while glycogen is the key polysaccharide in animal cells.
(Note: My previous articles have covered this topic in detail, so I’ll keep this section brief.)
Hong Kong-Style Cantonese Cuisine: Sweet and Sour Sauce Preparation Theory
The Art of Using Sugar in Seasoning
Sugar is widely used in cooking. Sweetening agents include sucrose, fructose, lactose, maltose, honey, sugar beets, sweet potatoes, licorice, monk fruit, fruits, and artificial sweeteners like saccharin. However, the most commonly used sugars in cooking are granulated sugar, brown sugar, aged brown sugar, yellow slab sugar, maltose, rock sugar, syrup, honey, synthetic syrups, and Thai palm sugar.
Different sugars vary significantly in sweetness. Using sucrose as a baseline (sweetness = 100):
Saccharin: Over 20 times sweeter (≥2000)
Fructose: 114–175
Xylose: 40
Maltose: 32–60
Lactose: 10–17 (least sweet)
Understanding these differences helps chefs adjust sugar quantities precisely. Sugar’s sweetness harmonizes flavors—muting spiciness, enhancing saltiness, and creating balanced, smooth textures. This is due to sugar’s decomposition into aldehydes, which are reactive and interact with other compounds.
Practical Applications in Cooking
Skilled chefs leverage sugar’s properties to elevate dishes. For example:
Subtle Sweetness: Dishes like dry-braised fish, braised pork liver, or chili oil chicken require a hint of sugar to enhance flavors without overt sweetness.
Distinct Sweetness: Dishes like lotus leaf-steamed pork or jujube-braised pork knuckle emphasize a harmonious sweet-savory balance.
Sweet-and-Sour Profiles: Dishes like sweet-and-sour pork demand higher sugar levels, while lychee-flavored dishes (sour-forward) use less.
Deodorizing and Aroma Enhancement
Sugar’s aldehydes neutralize fishy odors in seafood by binding with amines. It also reacts with amino acids during heating, producing aromatic compounds that enhance meat flavors. Combining sugar with wine, vinegar, ginger, or scallions further amplifies dish complexity.
Color Enhancement Techniques
Sugar enhances visual appeal through three methods:
Glazing and Frying: Meat skin (e.g., braised pork belly) is coated with maltose or caramelized sugar, fried to create a crispy "chicken-skin" texture, then soaked to soften. (Note: Many Hong Kong restaurants now use dark soy sauce and heavily reused oil for this step—personally, I avoid dishes like steamed pork with preserved vegetables or fried crab for this reason.)
Braised Coloring: Sugar (brown, yellow slab, or rock sugar) is caramelized and added to braises. High-end dishes like shark fin or deer tendon use rock sugar for its purity and glossy finish.
Roasting Glazes: Maltose or honey diluted with rice wine is brushed onto meats (e.g., roast duck) before roasting, yielding a glossy, reddish-brown crust.
Sugar in Cantonese Cuisine
In Cantonese cooking, sugar is often paired with salt, soy sauce, MSG, or oyster sauce to balance flavors. Adding sugar to blanched vegetables (e.g., bitter melon, zucchini, broccoli) preserves their vibrant green color.
By mastering sugar’s versatility—whether for flavor balancing, aroma enhancement, or visual appeal—chefs unlock the full potential of their dishes.
糖 (川菜) Sugar(Sichuan cuisine)
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