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绿矾，中药名。为含硫酸亚铁（FeSO4）的矿石或化学制品。分布于山东、湖南、陕西、甘肃、新疆、安徽、浙江、河南、四川等地。具有之补血消积、解毒敛疮、燥湿杀虫功效。常用于血虚萎黄，疳积，腹胀痞满，肠风便血，疮疡溃烂，喉痹口疮，烂弦风眼，疥癣瘙痒。
绿矾与明矾
从科学角度解析绿矾与明矾在食品中的作用及潜在风险
**一、化学本质与食品作用**
1. **明矾（硫酸铝钾，KAl(SO₄)₂·12H₂O）**
- **作用**：传统膨松剂和净水剂，通过释放铝离子与碳酸盐反应产气，使油条、粉丝等口感酥脆；腌制海蜇可脱水和定型。
- **应用食品**：油条、麻花、粉丝、海蜇皮、泡打粉（含铝型）。
2. **绿矾（硫酸亚铁，FeSO₄·7H₂O）**
- **作用**：铁元素补充剂，用于强化酱油、面粉等；护色剂防止果蔬褐变（如橄榄罐头）。
- **应用食品**：铁强化酱油、黑豆制品、部分腌渍蔬菜。
**二、过量摄入的健康风险**
1. **铝暴露问题（明矾）**
- **神经毒性**：长期过量可能干扰血脑屏障，与阿尔茨海默病关联性存争议（WHO建议每周耐受摄入量≤2mg/kg体重）。
- **骨骼与贫血**：抑制钙磷代谢，影响儿童发育；干扰铁吸收。
2. **铁过量（绿矾）**
- **急性中毒**：单次摄入20mg/kg以上可致呕吐、腹泻，严重者器官衰竭。
- **慢性积累**：遗传性血色素沉着症患者易出现肝损伤（成人UL为45mg/日）。
**三、典型案例与安全建议**
- **高风险食品**：街边油条（铝残留超标率达30%）、散装海蜇（铝残留常超1,000mg/kg）。
- **防护措施**：
1. 选择标注“无铝膨松剂”的烘焙食品。
2. 每周食用传统矾处理食品不超过2次，儿童孕妇需严控。
3. 铁强化食品需按标签指导食用，避免与补铁剂叠加。
**四、国际监管动态**
中国2022年修订GB 2760，全面禁止含铝添加剂用于小麦粉制品（除油炸面制品），欧盟已禁用明矾于非专用食品领域。建议消费者关注包装配料表，警惕“传统工艺”可能隐含的铝残留风险。
（数据来源：国家食品安全风险评估中心、JECFA第87次会议报告）
此解析基于当前毒理学研究，实际风险需结合摄入频率与个体差异综合评估。建议通过多样化饮食降低单一添加剂暴露风险。
**Scientific Analysis of Alum and Green Vitriol in Food: Functions and Potential Risks**
**Alum (Potassium Aluminum Sulfate, KAl(SO₄)₂·12H₂O)**
Alum is produced by calcining, extracting, and crystallizing alumstone. It can be used to make "crystal" products. Major production sites in China include the **Lujiang Alum Mine in Anhui Province**, while the largest global source is the **Fanshan Town Alum Mine in Cangnan County, Zhejiang Province** (accounting for 67% of the world’s reserves). Known as *white alum* in traditional contexts, it is a refined product of alumstone.
In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), alum is described as cold in nature and sour-astringent in taste, with strong **convergent properties**. It is believed to **detoxify, kill parasites, dry dampness, relieve itching, stop bleeding, suppress diarrhea, and clear phlegm**. Modern studies confirm its **antibacterial and anti-trichomonas vaginalis effects**. Some TCM practitioners use alum to treat hyperlipidemia, duodenal ulcers, and tuberculosis-related hemoptysis.
**Green Vitriol (Ferrous Sulfate, FeSO₄·7H₂O)**
Green vitriol refers to iron-containing minerals or synthetic compounds with ferrous sulfate. It is found in Shandong, Hunan, Shaanxi, Gansu, Xinjiang, Anhui, Zhejiang, Henan, and Sichuan. In TCM, it is used to **tonify blood, resolve stagnation, detoxify, heal ulcers, dry dampness, and kill parasites**. It is applied for conditions like anemia, malnutrition-induced abdominal distension, intestinal bleeding, ulcerative sores, oral ulcers, and parasitic skin infections.
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### **Scientific Analysis of Alum and Green Vitriol in Food: Functions and Risks**
**I. Chemical Properties and Food Applications**
1. **Alum (Potassium Aluminum Sulfate)**
- **Functions**:
- Traditional **leavening agent** and water purifier. Releases aluminum ions to react with carbonates, generating gas for crisp textures in fried dough sticks (youtiao), vermicelli, etc.
- Used to dehydrate and shape jellyfish during curing.
- **Food Examples**: Fried dough sticks, twisted crullers, rice noodles, jellyfish, aluminum-containing baking powder.
2. **Green Vitriol (Ferrous Sulfate)**
- **Functions**:
- **Iron supplement** for fortified foods like soy sauce and flour.
- **Color preservative** to prevent browning in canned olives and pickled vegetables.
- **Food Examples**: Iron-fortified soy sauce, black bean products, certain pickled vegetables.
**II. Health Risks of Excessive Consumption**
1. **Aluminum Exposure (Alum)**
- **Neurotoxicity**: Chronic overexposure may disrupt the blood-brain barrier. Controversially linked to Alzheimer’s disease (WHO tolerable intake: ≤2 mg/kg body weight/week).
- **Bone and Blood Issues**: Inhibits calcium/phosphorus metabolism (affects child development) and interferes with iron absorption.
2. **Iron Overload (Green Vitriol)**
- **Acute Toxicity**: Single doses >20 mg/kg may cause vomiting, diarrhea, or organ failure.
- **Chronic Risks**: Hereditary hemochromatosis patients face liver damage risks (adult upper limit: 45 mg/day).
**III. High-Risk Foods and Safety Recommendations**
- **Alum-Risk Foods**: Street-side fried dough sticks (30% exceed aluminum residue limits), bulk jellyfish (aluminum residues often >1,000 mg/kg).
- **Preventive Measures**:
1. Choose baked goods labeled "aluminum-free leavening agents."
2. Limit traditionally alum-treated foods to ≤2 servings/week (strictly control for children/pregnant women).
3. Follow labels on iron-fortified foods; avoid combining with iron supplements.
**IV. Global Regulatory Updates**
- **China**: Revised GB 2760 (2022) bans aluminum additives in wheat flour products (except fried foods).
- **EU**: Prohibits alum in non-specialized food sectors.
- **Advice**: Check ingredient lists; beware of "traditional processing" claims hiding aluminum risks.
*(Sources: National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment; JECFA 87th Meeting Report)*
**Note**: Risks depend on intake frequency and individual susceptibility. Diversify diets to minimize additive exposure.
